![]() ![]() Since then, two studies have been published showing negative results ( Angerer et al., 2017 Behrens et al., 2021). The authors mentioned the need for additional large-scale studies. ![]() A recent meta-analysis has concluded that night shift work was associated with increased risk of depression in HCWs ( Lee et al., 2017). We don't know if full-time jobs are at increased risk of depression due to increased exposure to these factors, and if random schedules or working longer than expected may increase the risk of depression. The role of burnout has been debated with some authors highlighting a causal role in the onset of depression ( Peter et al., 2020a Peter et al., 2020b Rudman et al., 2020) with overlap between burnout and depression ( Bianchi et al., 2015). We do however know that work environment (including speed/quantity, complexity/intensity, fragmentation/unpredictability, decision latitude and social support) ( Enns et al., 2015 Gi et al., 2011 Huang et al., 2022 Power et al., 2020 Tsutsumi et al., 2001), absenteeism/presenteeism ( Dyrbye et al., 2019 Enns et al., 2015), sustained bullying at the workplace ( Messiaen et al., 2020), sexual harassment ( Duba et al., 2020a) and sexual orientation-based discrimination ( Duba et al., 2020b) have also been associated with increased risk of depression in physicians. ![]() However, we do not know if the public sector has been affected to a similar level as the private sector ( Ervasti et al., 2017). Professional factors have worsened since the 2008 financial crisis due to increased economic constraints ( Boyer et al., 2016 Clemens et al., 2014 Fernández Castañer et al., 2018). We know that unfavorable professional factors increase the risk of depression onset. We need now to determine the factors that could help identify the most effective levers to curb this phenomenon. The authors concluded that this population was at risk of work-induced depression due to specific professional factors. An increase trend of 0.5% per year was reported from 2015 ( Mata et al., 2015) associated with increased absenteeism, decreased productivity and quality of care ( Evans-Lacko and Knapp, 2016 Johnston et al., 2019 Pranjic and Males-Bilic, 2014 Rost et al., 2004). The first concern was raised regarding young physicians/residents who were found to have a depression rate of 20.9% - 43.2% depending upon the measurement tool used ( Fond et al., 2021a Mata et al., 2015). However, this phenomenon was not new as previous studies already reported increased risks of depression in HCWs. Approximately 25% of nurses and 24% of physicians were found to be depressed in a recent survey ( Olaya et al., 2021). The first-wave Covid-19 pandemic has been followed by a wave of meta-analyses reporting high rates of depression in healthcare workers ( Kunzler et al., 2021 Li et al., 2021 Marvaldi et al., 2021 Olaya et al., 2021 Pappa et al., 2020 Salari et al., 2020). The individual must be experiencing five or more symptoms during the same 2-week period and at least one of the symptoms should be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. – DSM-5) outlines the following criterion to make a diagnosis of depression ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (5th ed. Job-related factors such as wages, work hours, workload, interactions with co-workers and supervisors, and access to paid leave impact the wellbeing of workers, their families, and their communities ( CDC, 2021). The World Health Organization recognizes work as a major social determinant of physical and mental health ( World Health Organization, 2021a).
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